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OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES 

Research and Analysis Branch 



DECLASSIFIED 
SEE EXCHANGE & GIFT DIV. 
DECLASSIFICATION FILE NO...^ / 


R & A IIo. 1146 


TliE SCOPE, CCNTERT, aIR) INTEFT OF SOVIET FOREIGR BRG;.DG.iSTS 


CLASSIFICAJIOM 

\ 

4 September 1943 Changed to 

unrestricted 

by authority of 

/t/. 

By 

Date 


If-r.nd when this study outlives its 
usefulness to ^/ou, kindly return it to; 


Office of Strategj.o Services 
Director, Research and Analysis Branch 
25th and E Streets, IT. W. 


Hashington, D. C. 


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TABLE OF CONTENTS 


CONFIDENTIAL 


4P 


^ >y>> 


Pr.go 


I, Soviot Facilities for Foreign Short Vifavo Broadcasting 

II, Direction and Linguistic Scope of Soviet Foreign 

Tronsinissions 

III, Available Sourcos for the Content of Soviet Foreign 

Broadcasts 

IV, Description of the Sample Utilized for Study 

¥, Method of Iinalysis 

VI, General Stylo of Soviet Foreign Broadcasts 

VII, A Regiono.! Classification of the Content of Soviet 

Foreign Br..>o.dcaots 

VIII, A Topical Classification of tho Content of Soviet 

Foreign Broadcasts 

IX, The 'Credibility of Soviet Broadcasts 

X, Summary of tho Content of Soviet Foreign Broadcasts 

XI, The General Intent of Soviet Foreign Trmsmissions 


2 

p, 

8 

9 

11 

12 

14 

16 

30 

31 
35 


1 









THE SCOPE, CONTENT, AI'ID INTEITT 


OF SOVIET FOREIGN BROADC.•^STS 





I. Soviet Facilities for Foreign Broadcasting 

According to estirndtes reported in June 1943 by the Program 
Information Unit of the Federal Communications Commission, the 
Soviet Union has at its disposal for regular short wave broadcast¬ 
ing at least tv;enty-eight transmitters. The term "regular short 
wave broadcasts" refers only to transmissions designed for public 
information and entertainment; it does not include transmissions 
employed for specific purposes such as military communications, 
meteorological data, etc. Twenty of these trcjismitters are located 
in European Russia and are distributed as follow's: eleven in 
Moscow, four in Kuibyshev, three in Leningrad, and one each in 
Tiflis and Yerevan. Of the eight transmitters in Asiatic Russia, 
three are located at Khabarovsk, two in Komsomolsk, and one each in 
Magadan, Nikolayevsk, and Petropavlovsk. l/ Since Moscow’s one 
hundred kilowatt short vrave station was destroyed by Germim bombing 
early in the war, the transmitters in the Asiatic portion of the 


1 / Shortwave Broadcast Transmitters _o_f the World , Program Informa¬ 
tion Unit, Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, Federal Communi¬ 
cations Commission, 12 June 1943; pages 2 and 5, (Confidential) 











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USSR^ Tillich c.rc cstinatcc. by FCC enyineors to have a strength 
kilo’.TattSj arc no-j tho most poT/eriul in tho Soviv-t Union. The 
Y.avc transnitters in Europoan Russia arc believed to range in 
from five to t^Tcnty kilo'Tatts. l/ 


01 fifty 
short 


power 


In number of regular short '..nvo trcnsnn.ttcrs^ the Soviet Union 
compo.rG3 very favorabli^ i.’ith Groat Britain (twenty-five transiaitters) 
and with tho United States (tiventy-one transmitters). i'oroover^ the 
USSR has tho strategic advantage of being able to-broadcast very 
efiectivelVj froi,. tn^ point of vievr of reC'^ption^ both to Europe and 
to Asia. On the other hand^ tiicre exc in continental Europe alone 
forty-eight snort T;ave transmitters directly controlled by the A:«;is 


(including one station in Kiev in occupied Russia,)^ as 'jell as four 
transriitters in Finalnd^ four in Portugal^ .':'nd eight in Spain — o.ll 


y 


of Y.iiich are strongly anti-Soviet in orientation. In addition, Soviet 
radio st.-.itions do not natch those of Geriaany and Italy — nor tlioso 
of Great Britain and the United States — in po’.jor, for each of these 
nations have several snort wave transmitters of one hundred hilou-att 
strength. S/ 


Furtlicrmore, 
eight short •’..-a.ve 


the Soviet Union does not use -.ll of 
transmitters for broadcasting abroad. 


its tvronby- 
The wide expanse 


V 


of Soa-iet territory requires the extensive use of short 
transmission. Thus, as far as FCC engineers have been 


nave in domestic 




deter¬ 


mine, all progr-ams (exclusive of possible liorse transmissions) broad- 


1 / Gp. cit . 

2 / 0]2- cit ., pages 1, 2, and 6 






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cast fron Yerova-n^ i-agadanj Nikolayevsk, Khabarovsk^ and Pctropavlovsk 
are directed at Soviet audiences; siivilarly^ the bulk of prograus 
emanating fron Leningra.d^ a large proportion of those coming fron 
lioscorr^ .and number of those originating at Komsomolsk are intended 
for homo consumption, l/ 

By far tl'a greatest nunbor of Soviet foreign broadcc.sts (about 
80 percent) originate in IIoscot:. This is true oven for transmissions 
directed to the Far Fast snd^ across tim. Pacific, to iTestern Forth 
America; such programs are rcl.aycd fron Fosco-'t by i-lro, or possibly 
by short i.'ave, to the more povarful transmitters at Ko:.m3o:.iolsl': in the 
Soviet Far East, and arc then rc-transmitted to their ultimate 
destination, given program is frequently broadcast over scvcr:il 
Y.aave bands si.;.ultaneously in order to i:.cilita.tu reception in v.arious 
localities under various conditions. This is particularly coraaon in 
instances niicn the territory concerned is rather oxtonsive. For 
example, r.any broadcasts to. North zkicrica .are transmitted siiaultaneously 
over ^.s r’any as five tr-^ns^iitters — three in Foscov/ rnd ta-o in 
Komsomolsk. 


1 / This '-nd rDJ. subsequent inforisation herein reported is derived 
(until otherv.dse noted) from data published in tjic Program 
Schedule o_f Foreign Sroadcasters, Foreign Broadcast Intelligence 
Service, Federal Comjaun<-ca.tions Cor.e-ission, Fay lb<13 
(Confidential), p.ages 08-118. 


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Ttflrilc Radio IIoscovj'j either directly or by relay^ broadcasts to 
all coniors oi the -.rorld^ the radio st-'tions locat'.d ii. other cities 
are {^uncrally rather spccial.ised as far as direction oi' trans.aission 
is concerned. As has been noted, transi.itterc in Konsoi.iolsk arc 
utilized for rv..laying IIoscov; prorrar.is to the Far East and Trestern 
North An-^rica. The Tiilis station, iro-.t -.7hich about 12 percent of all 
foreign proyrais originate, beans its tra.nsniissions tov.eird Southern 
Europe and the 3a].kans. Kuibyshev, iroie Tdiich about 8 percent of all 
foreign progru:.s er.ranate, broadcasts r.iainly to central Europe. And 
Leningrad, uhich is the source of less thoji 1 percent oi all foreign 
trojis'oissions, directs its broadc<asts chiefly to northern Europe. 




II. Geographical Direction and Ling’cistic Scope of Soviet Foreign 

Tr:u.s::ii5sions . 

The gener.al scope of the foreign sliort vaave brc-adcasts of the USSR 
is diOY.Ti in Table I. The table gives the nur.ber of transmissions and 
the tot'^1 tine devoted daily in each language to thv^ several geogr'phic 
areas. Total and sub-total entries in the table shov/ th.at Soviet radio 
str'tions bcain almost seventy pi-ograi hours a day, over tuonty-fivc 
different lang^acges, to tcrritori'_s outside the USSR. Of these, over 
fifty prograii hours a day, or 77 percent of all foreign broadcasts, 
arc directed to Europe, about five hours . day (slightly over 7 
percent) ar\. boaned to North Aaorica, aparoximatoly four -nd one-half 
hours (almost 7 percent) to thv. Near Kast, three hours (4 percent) 
to Latin America, vand roughly another tloTCe hours (4 percent) to the 
Far East. 






o 




-L 


FOBEIGI- SliOR' 


7' 

i j. X V 


sio;j)c:.ST3 of the ussr 


Nuiiibcr of Total 

Transr/iis s ions Transids s ion 


Dir'cction of Trans, dssion Lan.iraa.ao 

Dailj- 


Da 

ily 


Ger Ilian 

S8 

10 

hrs. 

23 

rdns • 

German for 

Austria 5 



55 

il 

French 

14 

4 

hrs. 

30 

I! 

Czech 

14 

<1 

n 

10 

ft 

Hungcxian 

12 

3 

n 

40 

I! 

Italian 

9 

3 

It 

30 

II 

polish 

12 

o 

tt 

30 

11 

Br.lgra'ian 

' 10 

2 

It 

50 

n 

Finnish 

S 

<. 

n 

40 

It 

Enropo English 

7 

r> 

ti 

50 

n 

Greek 

7 

2 

n 

5 

It 

Spanish 

6 

2 

II 

0 

ti 


5 

1 

n 

r? 

Oo 

u 

Rumanian 

r-* 

0 

1 


55 

u 

31ovcnc 

o 

n 

ti 

35 

u 

Serb 

O 

1 

li 


w 

Svreclish 

4 

1 

ij 


fl 

‘Dutch 


1 

ti 

0 

a 

Slovak 

4 

i. 

u 

0 

11 

Croat 

r? 

o 



55 

a 

Portuguese 

] 



x5 

n 

Yiddish 

tivice ^feckly 



15 

a 


Sub total 

52- 

hrs. 

52 

nix ns • 

English 

O 

bJ 

3 

Inrs. 

20 

mins . 

Italian 

1 

-i- 



30 

It 

Cz^ch 

1 



15 

u 

North .t'jjicrica Polish 

1 



15 

a 

Ukrainia.n 

-1 



15 

a 

Croat 

three times v'eol 

civ 

tj 


50 

a 

Serb 

tvdee vrcekly 



so 

a 

Slovene 

tvdcc "v^cokly 



30 

a 


Sub Total 

u 

Iws • 

5 

rdns . 

Spanish 

b 

r\ 

lirs . 

0 

iiiins • 

Latin .'uicrica Italian 

1 



50 

a 

German 

'I 



15 

a 

Portuguese 

1 



15 

it 


Sub total 


ii- c • 

0 

reins. 

Turkish 

o 

o 

iirs . 

15 

r:dns . 

Near and 'dddle Ea-st Pcr3ia.n 

A 

t 

ti 

40 

a 

Urdu (for 

India) 2 



40 

a 


Sub total 

A 

‘il; 

Ill's • 

35 

mins . 

Japanese 

f. 

» 

.ITS « 

40 

-] c; 
i.*X..AO • 

Far East C.dnese 

r7 

o 

•n 

ti 

25 

a 


Sub tota.1 

5 

i. I.X • 

r* 

o 

rdns. 


m 

1 


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rn > T 


O O 

Oo 


iirs • 


Lans. 


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- 7 - 


It Til].l be obscrVv..d furtlior thet of the tvrenty-one languages 
heard in Soviet trensnissions to Europe^ Gernan is by fo.r the riost 
comon. The Gc.r.ian lan^yioge traiisr.issicnD occupy in all aJaiost 
tvrelvo hours oi radio tinio dailj’" and constitute ovur 20 percent of 


c2.1 progru.is bouied to Europe aid 17 percent of all broadcasts boaried 
abroad by the USSR. Thus, ";.’-ith the '^xcoption of Russian itself, 


Goi*via.n is the nest frcqucnU.y 


hoard language on govict short ’.:ave 


transi'dttcrs. 

It i.s of int'..rest to note in passing that .biis tr.nsriitters 
r.jtaliate in hind :.la.icst to the sauu degree. They trans.ait to the 
Soviet Union about ton prograu hours each dry, four of uiiich are in 
Russian,, .approuin-.tely thr..e in Ukrainian, and th^ rest in the 
languages of s^v;.rr.l of tho other Soviet naticnalibies such as 
Arneiiian, Georgian., ^iZerbaidzhan, Daghestan, and T.atar. Zj 

ilext to Russian and Geri.ian, En.glis'n is t.he nest frequently heard 
Icanguagc in Russian shrrt-uave tronsiassiens. a.pproxir-uatcly six 
prograu hours cro transr.iitted in this languag... each day, vrhich is 
ro-. -ro'-i' a tv.lv half tin: tin:, cl ..voted to bror.dcasts in Gonnan. The 
majority (about three-fifths) of the hxiglish transmissions are beamed 
to Uorth ximcrica, and the renaining tuo-fifths to Europe, Vv-hich, of 
course, ■ oaniS pri:.'.n.rily to the British Islos. 


1 / 


cit 


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7 n ('i 
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soul’ 




The data in this table nure co;iputL.d from na.torial in the fclloudn 

ihed ulc of Foreign Broadcasts , Foreign Broadens 
., Federal. Cor.niunicr.tions Goniisission, 23 Fay 1943 
(Confidential), pages 23-llS; D--3patch No. 146, Aaericui ll.ibassy at 


Intelj-igv.ncc Servuc! 


Kuibyshev, 13 Novonbor 1942 (Free). 


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^In interesting fontnro of Soviet transeiissiGns to North ^hacrica. 
is the race tiiat. in addition to broadcasts in English, they include 
reg"!alar transLiissicns in It,alia.n, polish, Czech, and Ukrainian as 
vAjll as Slovene, Croat, and Serb. 

ether pertinent facts rcvcaJLed by the data pr^_scntod in Table I 
adll be considered as they occur in connection vrith discussion of th. 
content .''nd intent of Soviet foreign broadcasts, •v.iich is prv..sentcd 
in the concluding sections of the r.^port. 


III. .'i~/ail:ib~-e Sources for tne Content of Soadet Broadcasts . 

At th^ present tiic, nenitored tents and sur.Tnariv.s of Soviet 
broadcasts ar.. .ladc '-.vailablo clricilv by t'^fo oraa.nizations — the 
British Broadcasting Corperation, end th^ Foreign Broadcast Intelligence 
Service of the United States Federal Coi.aeuriications Coradssion. 

Since it .;ould be ir.ipracticable to i.ion: 
publish^ the full tuxt of all broadcas’ 
both BBC “Xid FCC pia^pare aiiat i.iay be c; 
soj.iplcs of the br aadcosts tr.ansr.dtt'^d ; 

Thus, for t.,xaaplo, BBC supplies nuiaeroi 
foreign broadc-'stc beri.-ed by I'lcsccv: tr.: 

A"\erica and in various I'-nguagcs tc Fuj 
foreign broadcasts .lonitort.d ^xtensiv^! 

transnissions ahich, rv^laycd frori Aosco’y, ar.> boan.ed to Nortn duicrica 


x, 

lot 

al one 

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t 

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1 / Daily Pi 
daily by td: 


e.st of ^ 

British 


■ .'orid. Broadc asts , Pext II 
Broadcasting Corporation, 


(S...ction 4E), issued 
Idonitoring Service. 








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frori transr.^ittors in the Soviet Fex East, l/ These ejre not available 
in full in putlishcd lorj.i, but .r.-prcscnoativc excci-pts^ along nlth 
occasicnal sauplos of broadcasts transr.ittod directly frou l.l 05 coi.r, 
Leningrad, and Tiflis, arc cited, su:laarizod, and discussed in several 
fee releases. 2/ 


IV. 

D 

eser 

intioi; 

. of 

the SCMiXl-C 

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the 

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'le 

oiad content 



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en 

tir... 

ly 

en 

the r; 

onitored texts 


appeeo^ing an tne 


Daily Digest of her Id Lr 0 ':.dcasts . To check on 


the degree to uhich the Material in the DBG saieple uas representative 
of the broadcasts of the- period the BBC texts •'..•ere cor'.pared adth the 
tr'^nslators ’ conies ox the broadcasts nonitoriod by FCG. In -lanv 


1/ Supra , page 5. 

FGC Teletype Service , ^ Vrirc . This teletype Service previdcs full 
texts rnd excerpts of th.. broadcasts 'drich FCC editors rcg:ird to be 
Most i;-portant. 

Daily Pooort of Foreign Broadcasts. In this publication foreign 
broadcasts are quoted -nd sui.x.ieTized .-.ore cuitonsively than in the 

teletype. 

ITecklv Revieu'- of Fercian Broadc.asts. The Review contains interpretations 
■ ■ ■ - — - ■ — — — . 

end points out propaguiida trends, h section on the USSR is 'included. 

Radio I'oscov: Reviev:. This publication, appearing bi'.rcekl.y, is devoted 
specifically to an. anal^asis of the content aud intent of broadcasts 
originating frcri IIoscov;. 














~ 10 - 


cases there v/as exact daolication of the liiaterial covered rrlth onlv . 

— C/ 

slight and inc or sequent ia.1 discrepancies in translation. Tiliere 
different broadcast raaterials "rere covered these did not differ in terms 
of general style, content, and emphasis. Consequently, it appeared 
quite justifiable to reg.ard the texts monitored by BBC as typical for 
the period considered and entirely o.decuate for purposes of analj’-sis. 

To provide a 3arge and representative sample, all texts of Soviet 
foreign broadcasts published in full in the BSC Digest Tor the si:c *aeok 
period betrreen 15 Map' and 3 July 1043 inclusive vfere examined in 
detail. The sample included representative Soviet transmissions in 
English to North America and in the follovdng languages to Europe : 
German (including German transnmssions for Austria, frequently in the 

» 

Austrian vernacular), French, Czech, Irangarian, Italian, Polish, 

Finnish, English, Spanish, and Rumanian. It v/ill be observed that, 

T/ith the exception of Bulgarian and Greek, these include all the 
languages used in Soviet broadcasts abroad of tTro or Liore hours 
duration each day. (Sec Table I). The occasional exajiolcs of Soviet 
transmissions in Bulgaidan, Greek, Serb, rjid Turkish i.icnitored b}" FCC 
during the sa:ic period mqtc examined as ’veil, b'ut '."ere found to be 
too fragmentaj’y to '>Tarrant consideration. 3xlso surveyed, but omitted 
in the basic aii'iL 3 ''sis ucre all item.3 ivhich had been merely summarized 
rather than'monitored in full. T3ic summaries u-ere excluded for Wo 
reasons: first, they ’./ere frequently sc sliort as to leave in doubt tin 
content and intent of the original item; second, since thep" gave little 
indication of the length of the origin-ilL item, their use might distort 
the relative emphasis act-aallp- givoii to various subjects. 


Siuxaarizcd 






~ 11 ~ 


items T:erc never the less oxamin^..d in order to dc^termine T-'hcthcr their 
omission ■'Tonld result in a seriously biased sample. The exa-aination 
rovcalcd no basis for concluding that the ■ sur.imarisod materials 
diiiercd signiiicantly in general content from those ^rhich had been 
reported in fsdl. 

V. Method of ..uialysis . 

Ls ’uas iiidicato'i in cln ea.rlier exploratory report^ items broad¬ 
cast by Soviet trens-itters fall into fairly ucll-deiincd categories 
01 subject natacr. To'determine th. relative topical cmpliasis 

in Soviet foreign transaissionsj all ib-r.is publishC'd in the BBC 
Digest for the peried specified above ‘:/cr^ classified according to 
the category in Tjhicii they appeared to fit most appropria.toly. 

The specific categories utiliz>^d adll bo dcscriLwd in succeeding 
sections of thes report. ’'Tnile thv_re :Tere f'.-; items rdiich vrere 
so rcncral ir content as' eo pr;.cluuv. inclusion under any 3j.nglc 
category, and .also a fou'' each of -hich^ for one reason or rnot-h^ig 
appeared to K, sui generi s. the great majority (about 97 percent) 

•'oro rca.dily cLassifiablG under general topical headings. 

Aft.^r -'1} items had bemi cD.acsified :,g above., the frequency of 
entries in er.ch category a'as noted. In addition^ since .a measure 
based solely on th.. nurib..r of itcT:is mould not t..ne into account the 
length of the iterg an index of this vrriable .s obtainv.d by counting 
the numb..!' of liUeS in each aritclc. Since dl articles -.rere typed 
in the seme format^ such an ind^x ^.'-rovided an ad'..qimately r..liable 


1 / Th^ C]xaract..r of Broadcasts by the USSR to Other nations for the 

Period Petmeen February 24 and Mr.rch 1945 ^ Resc-Tch acid ;jiaJ.;y3is 
ni‘anch;, Oifico of Strategic Services^ 6 April 1943 (Confidential) 











•• 





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- 12 


me'’.sure. 


I.Iore than live hun'dred itens (513) representing' v/ell over six 
thousand I.incs (6,587) irere included in the analysis. 31ightl3^ more 
than one-third of the itens had been broadcast to I'lorth America and 
Europe in English, slightlj^’ less than a third represented trans¬ 
missions to the occupied or German dominated territories of Europe 
in the various langciages listed in the preceding section. Since, as 
vnll be pointed cut, treatment given by Soviet broadcasters to such 
cc’ontries as Italy, Finlai'id, and Spain is — except for certain 
specific umpiiasi^s bo bo indicated bolo’T — essential^.' the same as 
that given to the countries formally occupied by Gcrmaii37-^ in 
subseqiAcnt discn.ssion both groups -n.ll be included under a single 
term ’’Axis-dominated and Axis-occupied territory” (or ’’countries”). 


VI. The General Style of Soviet Broadcasts 

As "’as indicated in an exploratory- report, l/ Soviet broadcasts 
may gencrc'illy be described as direct, factual, expository, and 
ocCci3iona.lly analytical a'nd disput:.tious. The majority of th^ items, 
arc rather bi'icf end .ire in the form and language of the nc’-^s 
comunique. Idngthior items consist in ma-terials such as sjccechos, 
articles from Pravda , Ir V’^stiy^a , and otlmr Soviet publics.tions, or 
conmicntcries roughly’- of tiu. typo broadeest by- Aiorican ncivs ai'mly^sts. 
In the main, tiirougliout all Soviet broadcasts tl'icr-^; is .en ajoparent 
effort toneird creating r.n impression of objectivity/ and cr'jdibilitym 


l/ cit ., 


page 1. 











~ jl6 — 

For example^ for items dealing ■'.Yith conditions in Axis territory^ 
neutral or Axis sources — chiefly German or SYredish newspapers — 
are frequentljj cited. Also quoted as supporting evidence are excerpts 
from Axis broadcasts, letters from home 'found on captured soldiers, 
the statements of the captured soldiers themselves, and the testimony 
obtained from inhabitants in territory reoccupisd bv the Russians. 

On the vdrole, there is relatively little resort in Soviet foreign 
broadcasts to the more common propaganda devices. Soviet broadcasters 
apparently adhere to certa.in standai’ds of vfhat may be colled profes¬ 
sional dignity. For example, they do not stoop to the "folksy", "here 
is the loiYdoTm" ImDe or approach favored by the Axis radio. IJame- 
calling, mhen it does occur, is almost matter-of-fact, /"it may be 
said that in Soviet usage "Nasi-robber", like "damn-Iankee" in our owt. 
South, is treated as one T'ord/. Indeed, the term "matter-of-fact" 
applies in general to precisely those characteristics of Soviet 
broadcasts v:hich are apt to strike the Americ.on observer as most 
clearly propagondisiic. These are, on the one hand, tlie constant 
expressions of bitter invective and uncomprising h;.trod toward the 
enemy, and, or the.otlior hand, the tone adopted in dealing ;.dth the 
Soviet armies and the home front — a tone openly exhortative and 
eulogistic to the point of seeming naive. These characteristics, which 
are found also in Soviet publications and public utterances, ma3’' sound 
artificial and overdone to A'lerican eai’s, but there is reason to believe 
that they are quite genuine and not so much propagandistic as habitual. 
The use of stereot^qaed expressions, slogans, and exhiortations has been 
chiaractcristic of the Soviet way of life since its inception. 


•y * •' 


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14 ^ 


The consistently serious, 


iiiatter-of-fnet tone cf iovict broadcasts 


is further evidenced by the fact that, Ydth the exception cf an occa¬ 
sional interview^ Soviet broadcasters do not jxsori to leore dronatic 
foriTi-S of presentation such as plays, discussions, or on-tlie-scene 
reports. Sirii].arly, coroedy and — as fcuT as availabl.-; evidence inaicates 
ausic arc. entirely absent in the foreign transmissions. This does not 
moan that humor is lacking; on the contrary, sarcasm ard ridicule are 
among the Russians’ favorite Yre.apons of debate. Fundaiecntaliy, hovrcver, 
^s is quite to bo expected, Soviet broadcasts are not intended to 
entertain; their stp'le reflects uh.; serious, rea]-istic nature of uiiat 
aopei'XS to bo their pre-cmi.nerit concern — the attempt to influence 
the direction and strength of the marifold forces beoring upon the 
succ^.ssful prosecution of the irar. VJhat, in Soviet opinion, the nature 
01 those forcv^s end their relative import.^nce might be, as ruvealed in 
Soviet foreign broadcasts, is discussed in the conc-J.u.aing sections of 


the report. 


7IT. 


A Regional Classification of the Gonterr'e of Soviet Foreign 
Broadcasts 


An analysis of th^ content of all the raonitorc e coxbs of Soviet 
for.:.ign broadc,:.,Gts published by BBC for .a si::-i'Yeek peedod revealed that 
30 percent of all iteras, or 77 percent of total linage, deedt rdth 
.ixis Europe; i.e., Cierraany, Italy, the occupied territories, and the 
countries ihcrt Axis influence is still doiai.nant — Finland and Spain. 
/'~Tiic above percentages do not include reports of stric bi.y military 
developments on the fighting fronts/. It is of interest to note 









- 15 ~ 


further that, as iuelv be dediTCod irorii the data is Table I, more tl'ian 
fifty program hours a day or over 70 percent of all foreign broadcasts 
, are directed to continental Europe (i.e. Europe exclusive of the British 
Isles)* and that with the exception of a one-hour daily broadcast to 
Svreden, all of these transmissions are directed to Axis countries or to 
Finland, Spain, and Portugal — nations which have been strongly anti- 
Soviet in attitude^ In short, the chief targets of Soviet foreign 
transmissions, both from the point of view of direction end content 
are the territories under Axis influence. 

Bulletins from the fighting fronts accounted for about 10 porcont 
al all broadcasts ex.aKiined, About three-quarters of these military 
reports dealt with events on the husso-Germen front, and the remainder 
r.'ere concerned ■'.nth Allied activities in the Europe.an theater. 

Tiiliile items dealing i.ith the United nations (exclusive of strictly 
military bulletins) comprised sliglitly more than o percent of the total 
number of items surveyed, the unusual length of articles paying tribute 
to Anglo-American-Soviet soIidc,nity brought the proportion of total 
linage devoted to United nations topics to .almost 8 percent. 

Events rdthin the USSR itself furnished materials for from 1 to 2 
percent of all broadcasts in the sarcple, anc developments in neutral 
countries contributed another 1 to E percent. From 2 to 3 percent of 
all items an.d linage treated irrith topics not rigidly classifiable 
under a purely geographic or militar^^ hoading;. 



•tt 





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16 


Viri. A Topical Cl cissif icr.tion of the Content of Soviet Foroifi;n 
, Broadcasts 

more revealing picutre of tho content of Soviet f oreign broad¬ 
casts o-ras obto.ined by clo,ssification of items into topical categories, 
including some of those montionod above but in general more specific 


end more lurnierous. After such 


classification had been made, it vms 


found that two categories 
half of all the items and 
included about 45 norcent 


out of the total of tT,;enty contained alr.iost 
linage. Tiiose two categories,' :hich together 
of all tho broadcasts in tho six-week srmiple 


end approximately 60 percent of the broadcasts 
territory, wore concerned with items describing 
CLnd uiii'ost in tho fiXis camp. The category Axis 
the larger of tho two from the point of view of 
attention. 


dealing with Axis 
the extent of wealmoss 
i'Veakn e s s, whi ch was 
linage, deserves some 


.Axis v/eakness. 


Over 24 percent of tho items in the sample, vdiich — 


beoauso of the length and detail of m.any expository articles — represented 
almost 30 percont of the total linage, logically fell imder the heading 
of Axis VneeJeness, Items in this catf'-gory included those dealin-", with 
the folloi'.'ing subjects (given roughly in tlio order of the relative 
frequency-'' with vdiich they appeared). 


a) , iii lit ary we aki.iG s s . Items dealing with the shortage of military 

mcjipo’wer and the air inferiority of the nxis vrere particularly 
frequent. 

b) . Difficulties in production . These were frequently related to 

tho labor shortaeo and to the effects of Allied bombings. 


;). Declini ng morale and mounting fears of invasio n. Letters 

from homo fomid on captured GrOimian soldiers were often cited 
in evidence. The demoralizing effect of Allied air raids 
was mentioned in this ccimection, as well as reports of 
evacuation from western raid southern coastal areas raid from 
cities in eastern Europe. 













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d). Dilemrar. of .bd s propafygndistG . The nroblGTris cr'iated for Axis 
propo-gandists by rocont military rovorscsj mr:npoT;or short- 
agos^ production looses, rjid the like wore doccribed, and 
mcjiy oxomples cited of contradictions and uafulfilled 
prophecies. 

o). Prosonco of epidemics, hunger, housing shortr.g'ss ^\nd genorally - 

lov/ered standards of living . 

In addition to Gemany, the country most frequently referred to 
in reports of Axis weakness was Italy. Frsoice, IIorv;ay, Tmngary, and 
Rumania also received specific mention. 

Materials deoling vath ..xis weakness were particularly prominent 
in tr.ansmissions to Genuany proper, ;vherein they made uo ’.fell ever one- 
third of the items rnd linage exam:-ned. A common practice of Goviot 
broadcastors in tlioso transmissions was to point out the similrrity of 
the prosont situation to that of 1913 and to point to respects in ’which 
conditions now ’vvere even more serious. Llatorials deali ■'•fith .fLXis 
T.'oaiaiGss wore loo.st prominent in transmissions to the I.xis-occupiod 
end i'lXis-dominated countries. In -which they constituted n.o more thon 
15 percent of items and linage. Of the broadcasts in English to 
Groat Britain and North itriGrica, about 30 percent dealt ’ 1th ^-ixis 
'wGaknoss. A distinguishing feature of tho English tinnsrdssions was 
the presence of several articles refuting a,nd ridiculing Germrn claims 
as to tho improgncibility of the ’’Atlantic Uall.” 

Axis Unrest . The category i'ncis Unrest is second in size to the 
category ibcis V feakness only from the point of vievf of total linage 
involved. In terms of rramber of items, "the categories are approximately 
equal — each containing about 24 percent of all the items in the saieple. 


Ho'.^ever, because of the brief, news-bulletin character of most of the 
items in the Axis Unrest classification, the linage in tils category 











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18 


ropi’ecents but IS percent of the total. The subjects classified under 
this heading included all those describing disaffect!or, resistance, 
and revolt in the Axis caiiip. The most iiaportant amor.'^. chose subjects 
vre re the foiloc.dng : 

^^‘^rrilla activity . This classification included all referonce 
to groups to ivh.om the tenn "guerrilla" was applied by the 
Russians thomsel/es. 

b) . Sabotag e. Instances of sabotage both in industry and agri- 

culture v/ere citod, 

c) . Disaffection in Axis armed , forces. Reports of desertions 

were particularly frequont in this classifi(.''.tion which 
also includc-d instancos of mutiny, malingering, auid dis¬ 
loyalty. 

d) . Resistance and lack of cooperation rjnong c ivilians. Strikes,, 

resistance against labor mobilization, tnd refusal to 
cooperate in civilicur. defense activities ooristitutod the 
content of items in this classification. 

o). Appoals for resistance and revolt . Those appe-.ds, usually 
addressed to the army or to the civilitui population as a 
whole, vrero generally represented as having come spon¬ 
taneously from G-ermrui and Austrian soldi-'.rs captured by the 
Russians. The nomies of mcjiy of these soldiers, as vroll 
as their home addresses, v/;jre frequently cited. The 
appeals genor'^lly called .for a revolt against Hitler and 
Nazism. Occasionally groups such as Oormre. '•'omen, Czech 
w'-.r v/orkors, or th-.5 .Rhinelanders would bo .addressed 
specifically. 

f). Anti-Axis demonstrations cjid protests . These-? includ-.^d. public 
expressions of discontent raid disagreement vath Axis 
policies, rjid d-emonst rat ions of patriotism, -- o.g. display 
of tho tricolor. 

Other subjects under the cat3gory foej.s Unres t included accounts of 
unfriondliness and hatred tovrard the Gorr^ian rulers, armed revolts 
(excluding those describod specifically as guerrilla act-^'vities), 
assassinations, and govornnont purges. Tire latter subj.^cts did not 
occur as frequently as those mentioned in tho preceding paragraph. 













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19 - 


Among transmissions dealing with /ccis unrost, by fc.r the .lost 
prominent topic both in terns of items md linage vri\s giK;rrilla 
activity. About one-third of all broadcasts in the Unrost category 
dealt vdth this subject. 

Except whon guerrilla activity was discussed, the countries most 
frequently referred to in items concerned, xvith Axis ■■inrost vrere, in 
order, Frcncc, Czechoslova.kia, Kungen'y, Poland, and No’^way. iilso 
mentioned several times mere Rumania, Gormmy, Italy, IPdlimd, 

Austria, Sp.ain, YugoslaAria, Einlruid, Bulgaria, Belgiium, and Denmark, 

The presence of Spain in the adovo list illustrates the practico, 
common in Soviet broadcasts, of treating Spain simply us -‘.nother 
country under Geman hegemony. The items dealing v/ith Spain under the 
category of Axis unrest dealt with such matters as rovol b cuid sabotage 
in Spanish industrial centers cjid ports providing supplijs for the 
Axis war machine. 

Of the items dealing with guerrillas, almost half yiqtg concerned 
witVi the activities of the Yugoslav partiscjis. It is of interest to 
note that in none of th: items dealing with the Yugosl .v guerrillas 
was there rny reference to Mihailovich or his followers. Another 20 
porcont dealt vdth guerrilla viG.rfi.rG in Poland, 15 perco.nt described 
partisan activities in territories within the 1940 borders of tho 
USSR, and the romaining 20 percont treated wdth the exploits of 
guerrillas in Greece, France, Crete, Albania, and in Europe in general. 

On the whole, items describing unrest v/ero particul',rly prominent 
in trcaicmissions to the occupiod and ie>cis-dominated countries, some¬ 
what less prominent in broadcasts to Germany proper, and. least 
prominent in the transmissions to England and North Aaorica. Thero 





/ 




vr'xs pjrhc.ps only ono cxcoption to this gon^'rol trend; 'j.'ho proportion 
of items doscribi.ng guerrilla i.ctivitios ’.vas slightly jdghor rr.iong 
Sxiglish transinisGions thrji among transmissions either ao Cror'nr.ny or 
to the occupied counurios. 

llilitary Dovolopments on the Fighting Fronts. This category, 
which rarJes third both in terms of xiumber of items and linage, has 


already been discussed uo seme extent. The material classified under 
tills heading was almost all in the form of bulletins, communiques, or 
military analyses dealing with current military opei atioJiS. E/en though 
no major land operations were under v;ay on the Russo-G-ornicji front during 
the period studied, about three-quarters of the items aoalt with 
developments on that front, and were n■^Jcessarily confined chiefly to 
reports of Soviet air raids on enemy territory and of tlie successful 
repulse of Gernaji air attacks. Similarly, the items ccnceraod with 
A-llied militarj^ activities — one-quarter of the total i.i this category - 


treated mainly Anglo-American bombings of the Ruhr aiid of other German 
and Italian industrial rnd military objectives. The aerial victory of 
Prntelleria was also mentioned. 

The proportion of items in this category was noticeably greater 
among transmissions to Britain and Forth ihnerica than oraong those to 
Germany said to the occupied countries. Abo’ob 2C percent of thj material 
broadcast in English dealt vdth the topic in contrast to about 4 percent 
among broadcasts to Germany and less than E percent anon-; transmissions 
to the occupied countries, 

Next in importance ruiong the several categories an three. Expose 
of Axis Leaders, Di ssensio n Among, Amis Partners and Sat ell ites, and Axis 
Exploitation. Each of those accounted for betvmson B rnd 6 porcont of 









v :'7 ; h -:5 
f 



1 




21 


all broadcasts in the srjnplo. 

Exposi^ of Axis Loader s. Itens in this catogory dealt with attacks 
against tho Fascist ollto -- particularly tho loaders of ITazi 
Tho items wore usually expository in charactor and stressed the 
following themes: l), tho leaders of Germany and Italy are primarily 
responsible for all of Europe's troubles as well as for military 
defeats already suffered and yet to bo experienced; 2). those men are 
primarily motivated by selfishness, and their rule is characterized by 
mismanagement, exploitation, treachery, broken proraisos, false 
prophecies, and mutual mistrust among the Axis olite. The principal 
object of attack vaas of course Hitler himself, with Goebbels, Goering, 
Frank, Rosenberg, iiussolini, Ribbentrop, Himmler, Horthy, Kallay, and 
Tiso also receiving specific attention. 

As may be expected, the majority of broadcasts exposing and 
ridiculing Axis leaders were beamed to Germany itself. The topic ^vas 
also fairly prominent in English transmissions. It was least conspicuous 
in broadcasts to the occupied aid irsis-dominated countries. 

Dissension among Axis Pa-rtnors and Satellites . This classification, 
closely related to the categories Axis V/eokness , Axis Unrest , and 
^ixis Exploitation , includes all allusions to friction and suspicion 
among members of the Axis coalition. Border incidents end reports of 
evasion of contracted obliga.tions were among the subjects dealt vrith 
most frequently. Most of the it^ms described the suspicion, resentment, 
and ill-feeling directed at Gorraany by the other countries in the Axis 
partnership — notably Italy, Hungary, R’jmania, and, less conscpicuously, 
Bulgaria. In addition, reports of friction b 0 t^veen Riamania and Hungary 
wore frequent — particularly in transmissions bermod to those countries 









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22 


and to tho occupiod torritorios genorally. 

In the nain, reports of ibcis dissension 7;er3 more coirinon in 
broadcasts to the occupied countries — especially Italy aid Hungary -- 
than in the transmissions directed either to Germany or to England snd 
North Imierica. 

Axis Exploitation . This classification, closely related to tho 
category Expose of Axis leaders , contained items illustrating tho 
manner in which Germany has exploited Europe and in particular the 
occupied countries. A large majority of the items dealt with the 
exploitation of labor, especially in reference to the drastic total 
mobilization measures, and the harsh restrictions and miserable working 
conditions imposed upon vrorkers forcibly deported from their homes in 
occupied territory. Also constituting an important part of the material 
in this category were reports citing the requisition by the Gormans of 
food and raw materials at the expense of populations in tho subjugated 
countries, and items describing "Germanization’' in occupied territories 
and the privileged place of the Herrenvolk in the new Europe, 

In addition to Germany, the countries most frequently referred to 
in the items classified under this heading were, in order, France, Poland, 
and Rumania. Bulgaria, Hungary, Nor’way, the Baltic states, Greece, 

Italy, Denmark, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Finland also received 
specific mention. 

The proportion of items dealing with .b^is exploitation was about 
t^vice as high among transmissions to occupied and Axis-dominated Europe 
as among those to Gorruny proper. Items in this category were least 
prominent among the English transmissions» 









23 


Finland under the Axis, Spain under tho Axis . Thi^ugh noithor of 
these categories included more thrin 3 percent of all items or linage, 
they are so closely related to the category Axis Exploitation tho.t it 
appears desirable to discuss them here, A good majority of tho iteris 
classified under the two headings actually dealt with reports of A^cic 
exploitation in the two countries concerned, Ilovrcver, the mionnor in 
■vihich these reports v/ere interpreted and their juxtaposition and 
relationship with other subjects not classifiable under tho term 
Exploitation suggested that thoy would be treated more appropriately 
under separate headings. 

Items in those tv/o categories are distinguished not so much by 
their content as by their intent, Wdle dealing with different subjects, 
the items under both headings appear to have been designed to lead to 
similar conclusions in the minds of the audiences addressed; nsmely that, 
despite any outward impressions to the contrary, Finlsjid and Spain, 
each in its ovai way, are in actuality fully under Axis domination 
economically, politically, ^'Jid even militarily, 

Finland under tho Axis , Items in this category represented 
between 2 and 3 percent of tho total samplop In addition to economic 
exploitation by tho Gormsns, thoy dealt v/ith subjects such as the 
following; the German control of Finnish air fields, the confiscation 
by the Germans of American relief supplies, the joint planning by 
Finland and Gemany of an attack on the USSR, the fascist character of 
the Finnish government. Entries in this category were more frequent 
among English transmissions than those in Finnish, Tho only other 
language in 'which tho topic was mentioned wa,s German, 














24 


Spain undor the Iixis , Items under this heading constituted froin 
1 to 2 percent of all transniissions examined. The topics treated included 
the following; the domination ojid exploitation of Spain by Frtinco reid 
the Falange, the domination, in turn, of the so by Gennrriy rnd Hitler., 
and the plight of the Blue Division on tho Russian front. Im intorosting 
distinction between the items in the Finland under Axis category and 
those dealing Yd.th Spain Y/as the constant emphasis in the latter of 
a conflict between the ruling caste, vidth its fascist and pro-German 
orientation, and tho Spanish people, who are ropresonted as fundmaeTitally 
freedom-loving and anti-fascist in sentiment. 

Almost all the items in the Sjoain under /vxis classification wore 
broadcast in Spanish for Spain; in contrast to'the items in the Fjnlond 
under /ixis co.tegory, those dealing with Spain did not appear at c.ll 
among English transmissions. 


^ 

The Polish Question, Allied Solidarity . In terms of linage and 
number of items, tho co.togorios next in order of importance after nxis 
Exploitation are two, each of which, vjhile including about .3 porcont of 
all items, represented between 7 and 8 percent of tho total linage. 

As suggested by the above disparity, both categories included an unusual 
number of long, expository articles. The co.togories will novY bo con- 
sidorod in detail, 

'■i^hc Pol ish Question . The items classified under this head included 
all those bearing upon the liberation of Poland from the German yoke 
and its re-constitution as a free rnd independent state. Most of the 
items were in the form of speeches or articles from P ravd a and from 














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othor Soviat publications doscribing tho aims and aotivitios of the Union 
of Polish Patriots and tho military unit sponsored by bhat organizatior- -- 
tho Kosciuzho Division. The Polish Government-in-Exile, with vdiich t'le 
Soviet Government had already broken relations, vms generally crit^ciz-ed 
in these articles for its "imperialistic” policy and its "uncooperative" 
attitude toward the Soviet government. In this connection, a coriunon 
tack taken by Soviet broadcasters was to draw invidious comparisons 
between the attitude and actions of the Czech and Polish governments- 
in-exile. The cooperativeness of the Czechs, and specifically, their 
official condemnation of the Katyn massacre allegations, v;ero contrasted 
with the orientation of the Polish Governm'jnt, which was depicted as 
pro-Gorraon and reactionary. In tho main, however, the approach utilized 
in the broadcasts Avas positive: Soviet wishes and intentions for the 
creation of "a strong and independent Poland" were stressed, the 
principles and program of tho Union of Polish Patriots was dvrolt upon 
at length, an.d all Polos were urged to fight for the restoro.tion of 
Poland in tho rrmks eith^jr of the partisans or of the Kosciuzko Division, 
the latter being described as fully equipped and undergoing extensive 
training v/ith the help of Red Army instructors. 

As might bo expected, by far the great majority of items dealing 
with tho Polish Question were broadcast in Polish to Poland. A small 
but significant proportion was also found among tho Czech and tho 
English transmissions. 

United Nations Solidarity. Tho unusual length of the items 
dealing with United Nations solidarity is accounted for probably in 
large measure by the fact tliat the anniversaries both of tho Anglo- 
Soviet Treaty and the Soviet-Aniorican Agreement occurred during the 





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26 


period covered by the sample examined. Several of these long items 
were Pravda a.nd Izvostiya editorials describing the terms of the t^vo 
pacts and paying tribute to the Anglo-Soviet coalition as an alliance 
for the purpose of attaining both immediate and post-v/ar aims. Items 
frequently ended with the comment that the Allied military initiative 
must bo kept, VAiile a second front in Western Europe was not mentioned 
specifically during the period under reviev/, it was quite clearly 
implied that an invasion of Yi/estem Europe in the near future v:as 
both desired and expected. 

Among other members of the United Nations to receive more than 
passing mention was France. The reaching of an understanding by De 
Gaulle and Giraud was acclaimed as a major contribution toward United 
Nations solidarity. 

The proportion of broadcast material dealing with United Nations 
solidarity was markedly greater among transmissions to Britain and 
North America than araong those either to Gennany or to the occupied 
countries. 

Axis Tyranny and Cruelt y. Approximately 3 percent of all items 
and linage in the sample described atrocities and tyrannical acts 
committed by the German military and civilian authorities in occupied 
territory. In general, these reports v^ere of the some character as 
those cited extensively by Molotov’s diplomatic note to the Allied cjid 
neutral powers of April, 1942. A recurrent note in broadcasts dealing 

with this topic vans the insistance that those responsible for the crimes 
would be punished. 


^ Information Bulletin , Embassy of the USSR, Washington, 27 April 1942. 








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27 


Next to the USSR, tho country most frequently referred to in 
reports of atrocities and tyrannical acts was France. Most of tho oth^r 
countries of occupied Europe -were also mentioned. 

The proportion of items in this category v/as somewhat greater 
among the German transmissions than araong either broadcasts in English 
or in all tho other European languages taken together. 

Developments in the USS R. As has already been mentioned, this 
category included from 1 to 2 percent of all brocidcast najterials 
ex.amined. Items classified under this heading treated alth such 
subjects as cultural and scientific developments, tho unity and loyalty 
of tho many national and cultural groups and communities ;vithin tho 
Soviet Union, the success of tho Soviet Lotja, and the progress of 
reconstruction in territory reoccupied by the Red Amyo 

The proportion of items in this category was somev/hat higlier an ong 
English transmissions than among those directed to continental Eirope, 
Pro-Soviet Utterances . Soviet broadcasters make a practice of 
citing newspc-por articles, speeches, and other public uttarmces made 
outside of the Soviet Union v.hich express points of viova favorable to 
or favored by the USSR. Such items constituted r.bout 1 percent of all 
materials in tho sample. Among the subjects dealt witliv^ere the 
follom ng: American statements about Russirai liVar Relief, Turkish 
editorials on the decline of Gema,n power, a message from Baltic- 
Americans approving of Soviet policy vdth regard to the Baltic states, 
and the Vaticroi's broadcast affirming race equality. 

The countrja most frequently referred to in connection with pro- 
Soviet reports xmD Turkey,; the United States was also mentioned often. 




'■ ' : At' ,^2^11 (*S ix«rlS 

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28 


The proportion of items in the Pro-Soviet Utterances category was 
noticeably higher among English transmissions than amoxig those directod 
to continental Europe, 

♦ * * ♦ 

Each of the following categories included less thrui 1 percent 
of all items and linage in the sample, 

Prisoners’ Names , Items in this category Cvonsisted of lists of 
soldiers captured by the Rod Army, The lists were broadcast to the 
prisoners’ homelands and included their names and home Ciddresses. 

Geman, Hungarian, and Austrian lists vaoro cited in the sample examined. 
Since such routine items are frequently omitted in published reports of 
monitored broadcasts, it is probable that prisoners’ names were actually 
more common in Soviet broa.dcasts than the samplo indico-tod. 

Pan-Slavism . Two rather lengthy itomis — ono broa.dcast in Polish, 
the other in Czech — dealt with the Pan-Slav movement. The Czech 
broadcast stressed the military importaaicG of Pan-Slavism in torms of 
hastening German defeat. The Polish broadcast pointed to the excellent 
example set by the Czechs in their endorsoment of the Pan-Sla.v 
program, 

Czech Military Unit in the USSR . The three items in this category, 
all broadcast in Czech, described the Czech military unit fighting on 
the Eastern front under the command of Colonel Svoboda. The fact that 
the unit is subject to the Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile and 
independent of the Soviet Government was stressed. At the same time, 
the faith of the Czech soldiers mid civilians in the Rod Army was also 


emphasized. 







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29 - 


Pro-Axis UttorancQs , The briof items in this category both 
referred to a continuing pro-Axis orientation on the part of the- nev/ 
regime in Argentina. 


^ :(c 4: 


The remaining items, constituting about 5 percent of the total 
sample, Y-rere not classifiable under rosy of the categories discussed 
above. These items consisted chiefly of short nov/s bulletins the 
significcjice of vdiich could not be fully determined. 



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50 


rx The Credibility of Soviet Broadcasts 

In viev.’- of the great nujnber of reports in Soviet radio trans- 
nissions describing events cndconditions vdthin Axis E-.rope, the 
question of the credibility of Soviet broadcasts naturally becomes 
especially important. Unfortunately, during wartime, cata for the 
complete verification of the numerous reports concerning events in 
Axis Europe are virtually inaccessible. Nevertheless, an attempt 
at estimating the credibility of Soviet broadcasts has been made by 
the FCC. 1 / In lieu of absolute criteria, thus attempt utilized 
reports of non-Soviet news agencies and transmitters as evidences 
of confirmation. Tho v/eaknesses of such a method Virere conceded, 
bi.it it ’.vas stressed that tho results mire sufficientlp' valid and 
reliable to warrant tho conclusions reached. The sample examined 
included 194 reports made by the Soviet radio of evonss which 
allogedly had occurred within Ancis Europe. "Partial or complete 
confirmation" v/as reported for 90 of the items (46 percent of the 
total); of these 90 confiimiation v/as "reasonably complete" for 43, 
Tdiilo for the remaining 47, "partial or indirect confirmation was 
found." Of the total nimibor of reports, 91, or 47 percent, •''fell 
in tho category for wiiich no confirmation wras found, nor (sic) was 
there any particular reason for entertaining doubt concerning them." 
Only 13 item.s, rcprosent.ing 7 percent of tho total -vvere adjudged 
to be "highly dubious reports." The conclusion of the study reads 
as follows: "Some reflection and uhe use of common sense 7rili 

1 / The Credibility of Soviet Radio Sto ries , Foreign Broadcast 
Intel 1 igeiioo Sorvico7~Foderal Communications Commissio-' , 29 Larch 
1943, (Confidential) 












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- 31 - 


usually indicate those Soviet stories ivhich are simply ’^lots in 
tho dark.’ For every such ’vrild storjy', ‘ Soviet transmissions 
also include at least a dozen other stories concerning which there 
is either no occasion for deubt or there is reason to think that 
they are based largely on acceptable information." 

X. Summary of the Content of Soviet Foreign Broadcasts 

A general summary/' of the content of Soviet foreig?i broadcasts 
is presented in Table II wMch shows tho topical catogorioG in 
order of relative size along with tho approximate proportion of 
total broadcast material found in each category. V/horo percent¬ 
ages for linage and number of items differed, tho m.edian percent¬ 
age value between tho two is given. 

It -/all be observed that the scale in the first column of tho 
table departs from common practice in that equal intervals along 
the sca.lo do not have equal significance; e.g., the intei’^/al bot'/men 
tho 40 and 50 percent points is loss than tha.t betv/eon "bhe 30 ajid 
40 percent points, and so on. The advanta;.go of this method of 
presentation ‘is that it provides more room at the lo^/er end of the 
scale where most of tho entries occur. Tho thoorotical lustification 
of tho procedure lies in the fact that the scale is in ughlp” logarith¬ 
mic rather thrn. lineax- in character; that is, distance along the 
scale is directly proportional not to tho porcontage itself but to 
a logaritlim or exponent to -.h ich a constant Y.ould have to be 
raised in order to obtahn a. value corresponding to the given 
percentage. 







- 32 - 

Table II 

Topical Categories in Order of Size 
with Approximate Proportion of Total 
Broadcast Material Represented 
by Each Category 


Approximate 

Proportion of 

Items in Each 

Category 

Category 

50^^ 


40^ 


30^ 

Axis li'eakness 

20^ 

Axis Unrest 

lOfo 

Military Derelopmonts 

5fo 

Axis Leaders 

Axis Dissension 
i'Lxis Exploitation 


Polish Question 

United Ilations Solidarity 

3fo 

Tyranny and Cruelty 

Finland under the incls 

1 

2% 

f 

Dewelopments in USSR 

Pro-Soviet Lltteraieces 

Spain under the Ai^is 

1% 

Prisoners' Names 

Pan-Slavism 

Czech Unit in USSR 

Pro-/iXis Utterances 




















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Difforonces in einphc-sis onong transmissions to various 
regions are roveoled by the presentation in Table III vhicli 
shovrs the order of importance of topical categories for each 
of three regions along with the proportion of all material 
broadcast to a given region found in each category. For example, 
the data in Table III indica.te that the category Military 
Developments was second in importance among transmissions to 
Britain raid North America caid included about 20 percent of all 
material broadcast in English. In contrast, this category 
represented less than 5 percent of transmissions to G-ormany. 

The region in v/hich a given category ranks highest is 
further indicated by the placement of an asterisk after the 
title of the categor;/" in the appropriate coluiTin. For example, 
the presence of coi asterisk after the Military Developments 
category indicates that the proportion of items dealing with 
this topic v^as highest aacng English transmissions and obviates 
the necessity of comparison to discover this 


fact 








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Table III 


Topical Categories in Order of Size among Transmissions 
to Germany, Occupied Europe, and Britain and North ^.ericJ 
with ApproxLmate Proportion of Material Broadcast to the 


Approximate 
proportion 
of material 
broadcast to 


1 


1 

! 

a given area 




! 

found in each 




1 

category 

Germany 

Occupied Europe 

Britain b. North America; 

50^ 




i 

40^ 

Axis Weakness* 




30^ 


Axis Unrest* 

1 





Axis 'tfeakness 

20^ 



Military Developments* 


Iixis Unrest 

Polish '^lestion* 




ilxis Leaders* 

i'iXis \7eakness 

ixis Unrest 

lO^'o 



United Nations ILiity* 



Incis Exploitation* 
aixis Dissension* 




.bcis Dissension 




5^ 

iixis Exploitation 


.'Axis Leaders 


liXis Cruelty* 


ixxis Dissension 


Military Dave1opmen 


Finland under Axis* 

1 

! 

3?b 


[Axis Leaders 


1 

1 

! 

United Nations Unit; 

^ Finland under /ixis 

Developments in USSR* i 


Finland under Incis 

^Axis Cruelty 

Axis Cruelty ! 

^xis Exploitation 

oc/ 

Cjo 



Pro-Soviet Utterances* j 

1 



Military Development; 

1 

s 

! 

I/O 

Developments in USSR j United Nations Unity 

Polish CUestion 


Pro-Soviet Utterancesi Spain under ^ocis 


1 



Pro-Soviet bttertnees 

j 


Prisoners* Names 

Developments in USSR 


! 


Pro-xb:is Utterances 

Pan-Slavism 

Pr i s one rs ’ Ncjne s 
Czechs in USSR 


1 

i 

j 

i 


* The presence of an asterisk denotes that the proportion of the items deal' 
ing with the topic was higher in the given column than in the other two 
columns. 





























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35 


XI. The G-oneral In ton t of Soviet Foreign Broadcasts 

A study of the data in Tables II and III indicates that in Soviet 
foreign transmissions certain topics receix’-e not only general but also 
differential emphasis in toms of the particular region to which they 
are directed, in analysis of these latter emphases, together v/ith their 
variations, suggests possible conclusions as to the intent of Soviet 
foreign transmissions. The intent c;ppaars to bo three-fold: 

1. To fan the flames of popular unrest throughout Axis Europe — 
particularly in the occupied territories, where reports of disaffection, 
resistance, rex^olt, and of their causes (.bds exploita.tion and 
oppression) are apt to be most effective. This conclusion is suggostod 
by the prominence given to items dealing vdth /ixis unrest in transmis¬ 
sions to Europe in general, and by the particular eraphasis awarded to 
these items, along mth those describing incis dissension and exploita¬ 
tion, in transmissions to the occupied and Axis dominated countries, 

2. To undermine the confidence cnid loyalty of the peoples of 
^ixis Europe — particularly of the German people, who might be expected 
to be on the whole more confident and loyal than those in occupied 
countries — by discrediting the military, industrial, political, txnd 
spiritual strength of Fortress Europe and by sowing seeds of discontent 
and distrust toward the Gennan goxremment, its leaders, and its moral 
character. This conclusion appears warranted in vie?,'' of the emphasis 
accorded to items describing .ixis iveakiiess in transmissions to all of 
Europe and their particular prominence, along with items dealing with 
Axis leadership and Axis cruelty, among transmissions to Germany proper. 

3. To impress Britain and i\r.erica with the Fiilitary weakness of 
Axis Europe, the comparatixre immensity of the Soviet war effort, and 



I 








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36 


the extent of active opposition against the Axis v.hthin occupied 
Europe — especially the strength of organized, ariried resistrjice. This 
conclusion is suggested by the nature of the categories ranking highest 
(as well as the categories which are starred in the last colijur-n of 
Table III) — particularly when it is recalled that over three-quarters 
of the items dealing with military events were concerned with develop¬ 
ments on the Russo-Goman front \/ and that, whhle the proportion of 
items describing Axis unrest in general Viras highest among transmissions 
to occupied Europe, the proportion of items dealing suocifically with 
guerrilla Ywarfare was highest in transmissions to Britain and horth 
America, 2/ 

It cannot be established on the basis of the material examined 
that it was the direct and deliberate intent of Soviet broadcasts to 
encourage the peoples of Axis Europe to look toward Moscow* for leader¬ 
ship and inspiration. However, if the Soviet transmissions are 
actually effective in impressing the Europeans vlth the dominant role 
of the HSSR in directing the struggle against Geimiany both at the 
front and behind the lines, it is quite likely that the broadcasts have 
the effect of causing many peoples of the occupied and enemy countries 
to regard the Soviet Union as their benefactor and leader, Hor is there 
any doubt that the Soviet government is fully aw'are of this fact. 

However, as to whether the Soviet government regards the resultant 
gain of friendship and goodvlll merely as a usefiul by-product, or whether 
the cultivation of pro-Soviet sympathy and support is carefully designed 

1 / Supra , page 15. 






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37 


to pave the ’vay for the establislimeiit of spheres of influence in the 
post-war world cannot be ascertained on the basis of the natorials 
exa^nined in this study; it is part of the larger question of Soviet 
political intentions, which is beyond the scope of this study«. At my 
rate, in the light of the prominence given in Soviet foreign broadcasts 
to reports of popular resistance, coupled — as these reports often 
\ 7 er 0 — vn.th appeals for increased opposition and revolt, the declara¬ 
tion of the Union of Polish Patriots and, in particular, the recent 
declaration of the ilational Free Germany Committee (which caae after 
the period considered in this study) are hardly expecned. 1/liatever 
other ends these declarations may serve, they represent an effort to 
consolidate the forces of opposition — a logical step tov.'ard the 
mc;.rshci.lling of forces behind the Goiman linos on the Eastern Front, 

Indeed, the phrase "marshalling of forces behind the Gorman linos" 
suggests a possible interpretation for the entire major pattern of the 
content and intent of Soviet foreign transmissions. In the first place, 
it is quite clear that the Soviet broadcasts of the period studied 
reflect the strong Russian desire for an Allied invasion md represent 
a prelude to tlie outspoken demands for a second front v/iiich have been 
made by the Soviet Union in recent Trceks (July, August 1943). 

As has been mentioned, the desire for an Alliou invasion of 
vVestern Europe was clearly implied in many of the English transmissions 
dealing with Allied solidarity. It was further reflected, indirectly 
but nevertheless unmistiikably, in the fact that the military’- activities 
on the Eastern Front were emphasized particularly in broadcasts to 
Britain end A..ierica. The importance to the Russians of an zUlied 
attack upon France and Goneany was also evidenced in the fact that the 





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Allied air raids on lnes'bern Europe received much more attention in 
Soviet transmissions than the capture of Pcntclleria md Allied prop;res3 
in the direction of southern Italy. 

As has already heen suggested, the emphasis in Soviet trcaismissions 
to the Allied po'vors on the ’.voakness of Fortress Europe (the weakness 
of the "AtlcJitic 'vTall'’ being stressed partic^alarly), and the strength 
of militant opposition to the Axis '.dthin that fortress are also 
related to the Soviet desire for a ’’second front," for, if the ^Alies 
could bo convinced that the above conditions prevail, tiiey ivould 
preseimably be miore likely to undertake a direct offensive against 
Germany from the west. 

Finally, the Soviet desire for a second front, or for the 
"marshalling of forces behind the German lines," also provides a possibl 
interpretation for the emphanis given to items dealing with ...xis weak;- 
ness and Axis unrest in t rmsmissions to Europe itself. Discouragement, 
G.pathy, and weakened moraJej mistrust, disaffection, resentment end 
hatred;-and particularly the resistance and revolt vahich those condi¬ 
tions foster -- are net, of course, military operations in the usual 
sense. Hevortholess, they do hit the eneifiV auid hit him behind his 
oxm linos. As long as a second front in the form of a full-flodged 
Allied offensive against Gomany does not exist, an indirect attack upon 
Europe from wiuhin possibly remains the best substitute — a substitute 
which the Soviet broadcasters regard as sux’ficiontly important to 
emphasize even t.t the expense of the iUlied war effort as such. For 
example, in discussing the Allied bombing raids, Soviet broadcasts no 
Europe featured not so much the fact that these bombings xroro evidences 
of ihlied might as tho effect which the bombings had in crippling 





39 


production cjid brooking morr.lo. It was for this reason that tho 
mo-jority of the itoins in which the Allied air raids were r.iontionod 
were classified under the category /ocis vTeakness rather than undor 
tho sub-heading of iUliod Military Activities in tlic European Thoo.tor 
in tho catogorp/ of Military Developments» 

* * 

Superimposed upon the above general pattern but clearly related 
to it there are perceptible certain more specific aims cn the part of 
Soviet broadcasters. Notable among these are the follov/ing-j 

1, To Villi the friendship of the Polish people and their support 
of such policies and actions as those advocated by the Union of 

Polish Patriots as opposed to those represented by the Polish Soverrmient- 
in-Exile, To the end of illustrating the desired attitude and its 
advantages, Soidet broadcasters (ivith implied invidious comparison) 
are fond of citing the example of Gseciioslcvalcia, praising the policies 
pursued both by the people and government-in-exile. 

2, To consolidate cooperation ivith the USSR and resistance against 
the Axis on the part of Slavic peoples through union under tho banner 

of Pan-Slavism, 

3. To convince Britain end America in particular that Fiiiicnd 
is unequivocally an iixis ally. The ultimate hope is probably that of 
inducing tho United States to break off relations I'd th Finland or oven 
to declo.re v/ar on that nation. 

4. To impress upon the Spanish people the fascist, pro-German 
character of their governmont rnd to encourage them in resistance against 
contributing to tlie ilxis war effort. 








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Clearly pertinent in a discussion of the intent of Soviet foreign 
Droadcasts is the fact that not a single reference to Japan or, for 
that natter, to the var in the Pacific, v\ra,s found in the entire six- 
■vfeek sample of broadcasts examined. This omission has been reeorted 
from tine to time in FGC releases and appears to be the result of a 
studied policy. By not conmitting itself, by not putting pn the record 
expression either of friendship or hostility, the Soviet Union does not 
disturb the formally correct relations vrith Japi'm as of ohe moment, 
but at the same time leaves the iray open for a full-blast radio offensive 
should the occasion for such cji offensive arise. 

A second significant omission, but fully to be expected in the ligh-t 
of developments in the Soviet Union during recent years, is the complete 
absence of traditionc.l Communist ideology olong v’lth its symbols and 
ideals. In this connection, it is of interest to note th':t the broad¬ 
casts exrmined (all of vhich occurred subsequent to the dissolution of 
the Comintern) no longer opened '.mtli the previously customary clarion 
call: "lYorkors of the vrorld, unite’" 

Finally/, the data in Tables II end III, taken together ri th the 
subsequent analysis fend discussion, illustrate the vedidity and full 
significanco of the statement m.ade earlier in this report: that the 
primary concern of Soviet foreign transmissions appears to be the 
attempt to influence the manifold forces bearing upon the succosEfi.il 
prosecution of the v/ar. 


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